© Courtesy of Steven Robles, San Manuel Casino San Manuel Casino in Highland, Calif. opened to a limited number of people, by invitation, on June 9, 2020.

Tribal casinos across Southern California remained open this week, even as many businesses in the region were forced to shutter or pare back services due to new stay-at-home orders from the state.

On Tuesday night, the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians' casino in Rancho Mirage was fairly busy, with visitors playing slots and dozens of people eating at the casino's several indoor restaurants. While waiting to be served, many diners went mask-less.

Over in Cabazon, Morongo Casino Resort and Spa was promoting meal specials for its 16th anniversary. San Manuel Casino in Highland said on social media that it feels confident about the decision to keep operating and about the casino's safety protocols. And Fantasy Springs Resort Casino in Indio is still hosting outdoor live music throughout the week.

May 16, 2020 The Viejas Casino & Resort is scheduled to open Monday, the Sycuan Casino Resort is set to open its doors on May 20 and Valley View Casino will welcome customers starting May 22, according to. California's self-governed tribal casinos have largely left safety rules unchanged since reopening in the spring as the government has stiffened restrictions on other businesses in most of the state.

California's latest COVID-19 shutdown, triggered by alarmingly low levels of intensive care unit capacity, has now affected most of the state. The three-week order came into effect for much of the lower half of California late last Sunday. Residents are prohibited from gathering; grocery stores are limited to 35% capacity; bars, salons, and indoor and outdoor restaurant dining have to shut down; and church services must be held outside, among other restrictions.

But Native American tribes, as sovereign nations, are not required to follow the state's stay-at-home order.

More: Why three tribal casinos in Southern California waited until June to reopen

Agua Caliente: Cathedral City casino opens ahead of Thanksgiving

Six separate outbreaks of three or more cases have occurred at Riverside County casinos in the last six months, county officials confirmed to The Desert Sun this week. The highest number of local outbreaks has been seen in grocery stores, with 80 instances since July.

At least one viral infections expert expressed concern that casinos are staying open.

'In my opinion, any crowded indoor activity is a terrible idea at this point,' said Juliet Morrison, a virologist at the University of California, Riverside. 'We are in a pandemic, and we are already seeing new and higher cases of COVID-19. So I don't think they should be open at all.'

Clifford Trafzer, a professor of American Indian Affairs at UCR, also underscored the gravity of the pandemic.

“I believe in tribal sovereignty,' he said. 'I also believe all people of the United States have a civic duty to join in the nationwide fight against COVID-19. This is a war against a virus and every citizen must do their part to fight our common enemy.”

Pandemic approach has varied by casino

When coronavirus first swept the region in March, all tribal casinos in the Coachella Valley voluntarily closed for several months. Many cited a duty to help stop the spread of the virus, even while acknowledging that the lengthy pause in business could be financially crippling for some tribes.

Since those initial closures, each local tribe with a gaming facility has taken a slightly different approach to reopening.

Agua Caliente Rancho Mirage, for one, has continued to offer large, indoor conference areas for private events or meetings. The East Valley Republican Women Federated is one group that has taken advantage of that event space in recent months, hosting a luncheon in early November followed by an election night party.

Photos from that party, included in the group's monthly newsletter, show women sitting and standing closely together around several tables. Many are not wearing masks. The Desert Sun and other local media were denied access to cover the election event 'due to the global pandemic,' an Agua Caliente spokeswoman said at the time.

© Jay Calderon/The Desert Sun A Brio Clinical employee administers a Covid-19 test to a Fantasy Springs Resort Casino employee in Indio, June 19, 2020.

Agua Caliente Rancho Mirage has postponed some indoor concerts; one originally scheduled for last week was pushed to an undetermined date. But the tribe opened its third casino, in Cathedral City, a few days before the Thanksgiving holiday.

Agua Caliente did not respond to multiple requests for comment about events or operations at its casinos.

Some gaming facilities in the valley have scheduled a regular lineup of outdoor concerts. At Fantasy Springs, owned by the Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, live music shows are held outside several nights of the week, with mask and distancing rules in place. Maximum capacity at those concerts is 1,500, which is 50% of the pre-virus maximum, said Michael Felci, public relations manager for the casino. But so far, attendance hasn't been over 500.

The Fantasy Springs special events center has also been used as a COVID-19 testing area and space for casino employee trainings, like orientation. All employees are tested for coronavirus weekly. The center has not been used for public events such as concerts.

'The Cabazon Band of Mission Indians enjoys sovereignty, just like all tribes do,' Felci said. 'However, our guests, our employees are obviously the most important thing — their health, their safety. So we're following the news, we're getting the latest reports just like everybody else.

'Everything we've seen up until this point has not looked promising for large indoor gatherings.'

As of Friday, Fantasy Springs is planning to continue operating as it has since reopening in June with certain health protocols. Outdoor concerts are still being held.

Six outbreaks at Riverside County casinos

Though casinos in the region have been generally tight-lipped about coronavirus cases at their properties, outbreaks have been documented at some facilities.

Six outbreaks, meaning three or more associated COVID-19 cases, have been recorded at Riverside County casinos between June and November, according to county spokesman Jose Arballo Jr. Four different casinos each had one outbreak, while a fifth casino has had two.

Arballe added that, as is the case with other localized outbreaks, the county does not release the names of the individual casinos.

'We also continue to communicate with tribal officials when it is requested about the best practices to help slow the spread of the coronavirus within their casinos and among the visitors and employees,' Arballo said.

From July to this month, there have been a total of 314 documented outbreaks at a range of different businesses, the county reported. While grocery stores top the list, they're followed by retail stores with 71 outbreaks, warehouses with 46, restaurant and food with 33, and skilled trade and labor with 18.

The county's regular outbreak reports do not include specific numbers for casinos.

Casinos could be considered high-risk environments for COVID-19, as described by six public health experts in a ProPublica article from August, which examined casinos in Las Vegas. Factors that contribute to that risk include being indoors, possibly having crowded areas and people who are 'prone to taking risks,' the article reported.

In a best-case scenario — where mask usage is enforced, there's sufficient space between players, and a dealer, who is also wearing a mask, is blocked by a sheet of plexiglass — the risk level is about a six out of 10, Morrison, the virologist, said.

Add indoor dining, bars and a lack of masks in the casino, and the risk level goes to nine, she said. Crown casino melbourne mahogany rooms.

California Indian Casinos Opening

'Especially when people are drinking, they're really not paying attention to safety at that point,' she said. 'So that's a really high-risk activity.'

Measures like spacing out customers and using a good HVAC system, or heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, could reduce risk. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggest that casinos consider improving v

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